formally and informally signaled

The election of women presidents in all three states who formally and informally signaled their personal preferences to have more gender-balanced executive cabinets also altered the “traditional” preference to nominate and select mostly men for ministerial positions. Equally important were the changing transnational norms, societal expectations, and external pressures for equality — principally coming from the EU — that were highly effective and noticeable during the pre-2004 accession stages. Although initially such EU gender parity “incentivized” pressures served as tokenism, nevertheless, there is compelling empirical evidence showing that once applied at “critical junctures ” สล็อตเว็บตรง